Free Essays on Slave History

2. Describe the change in slavery as an institution from 1680 to 1739. By the 1680’s, planters in Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland began to shift from servants to slaves and the rest of the colonies were soon to follow. Two factors aided in the institutionalization of slavery, the decline of indentured servitude and the availability of African slaves. The Spanish and Portuguese first brought African slaves to America to replace the number of dwindling of Indian slaves. The Dutch soon followed in the profitable business of slave trade, other colonies adopted the trade slowly. The growing colonies were increasing; and decline in servant migration produced a labor crisis. With the spread of tobacco farming in the 1670's, and the diminishing number of people willing to sign-on as indentured servants in the 1680's, increasing numbers of slaves were brought in from Africa. They replaced Native American slaves, who were found to be susceptible to diseases of European origin. Slavery provided the labor force for a high-pressure profit-making capitalist system of plantation agriculture producing cotton, sugar, coffee, and cocoa for distant markets. They were fundamental to the economy, and highly profitable. The availability and convenience of them also made the slaves so desirable. In 1964 English companies began transporting slaves in to the Caribbean and mainland. By the 1720 slave trade was institutionalized in all southern colonies. In conclusion slaves were seen not as people they were seen as property, the lack of servants and availability of slaves made slavery so desirable for farmers, which made institutionalizing slavery easy.... Free Essays on Slave History Free Essays on Slave History 2. Describe the change in slavery as an institution from 1680 to 1739. By the 1680’s, planters in Chesapeake colonies of Virginia and Maryland began to shift from servants to slaves and the rest of the colonies were soon to follow. Two factors aided in the institutionalization of slavery, the decline of indentured servitude and the availability of African slaves. The Spanish and Portuguese first brought African slaves to America to replace the number of dwindling of Indian slaves. The Dutch soon followed in the profitable business of slave trade, other colonies adopted the trade slowly. The growing colonies were increasing; and decline in servant migration produced a labor crisis. With the spread of tobacco farming in the 1670's, and the diminishing number of people willing to sign-on as indentured servants in the 1680's, increasing numbers of slaves were brought in from Africa. They replaced Native American slaves, who were found to be susceptible to diseases of European origin. Slavery provided the labor force for a high-pressure profit-making capitalist system of plantation agriculture producing cotton, sugar, coffee, and cocoa for distant markets. They were fundamental to the economy, and highly profitable. The availability and convenience of them also made the slaves so desirable. In 1964 English companies began transporting slaves in to the Caribbean and mainland. By the 1720 slave trade was institutionalized in all southern colonies. In conclusion slaves were seen not as people they were seen as property, the lack of servants and availability of slaves made slavery so desirable for farmers, which made institutionalizing slavery easy....

Discuss the dual role of security sector in the arab world as both a Essay

Discuss the dual role of security sector in the arab world as both a source of political stability and instability - Essay Example As such, an analysis will have to be made concerning the role that the security sector has played, and continues to play, within the Arab world with reference to stability. The security forces of the various Arab countries have been involved in a diverse number of conflicts since they were formed, and as a result have been a cause of instability in the region. One will find that as long as the Lebanese conflict took place, security forces of the Arab countries that neighbor Lebanon contributed to its falling apart as each of them attempted to protect their own interests. It has been found that none of the countries that were involved in this conflict saw any reason for the peaceful solution of the Lebanese sectarian conflict, and instead they all supported their own sectarian factions within the country. For example, Syria gave its full support to Hezbollah and Alawite militia groups, while Libya and Egypt supported the various Sunni militias. All of the security forces of the Arab s tates involved in this conflict, wanted the sectarian factions that they supported to take over Lebanon so that it could be used as a base for attacking Israel in a war, which many of them believed, was inevitable (Haddad, 589). The loss of life among the native Lebanese population was massive, but this did not end the conflict as one would have expected, since the various security forces involved in the conflict were determined to make themselves dominant within Lebanon. Instead, this conflict became even worse, with each of the sectarian factions even more determined to establish its dominance all over the country. The security sector of the Arab world, therefore, had a direct hand in the causing of the Lebanese crisis since each of the countries involved attempted to use Lebanon to achieve its own ends. Among the reasons which have led to the influence of the security sector in the Arab world is the wealth that has been brought about by the oil boom in some of the countries in th e region. The huge finances that have been gotten from the sale of oil have gone a long way in ensuring that the security forces of the oil rich countries are well equipped and paid so that they can easily deal with dissent from the population. The security forces as well as the oil wealth that backs their operations have enabled the rulers of most Arab countries to be less accountable to their people since they do not rely on them for the purpose of funding governmental activities, as they do not rely on taxes. The oil wealth, which some of these governments within the Arab world have control over, has tended to act as a means of their maintaining power because they have the funding needed not only to buy out the opposition, but also to maintain the loyalty of the security forces (Ghalioun, 129). In some cases, such as that in Bahrain, where the monarchy was almost overthrown, these repressive regimes have had the support of the security forces of their more powerful allies in main taining their grip on power (Dalacoura, 75). In Bahrain, the demonstrations and government assaults that took place at the height of the Arab Spring

Constitutional Law M9 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Constitutional Law M9 - Essay Example Therefore, Gideon had to defend himself in the trial. After his guilty was confirmed, he was sentenced to imprisonment for five years. This became a contentious issue which presented this crucial aspect that as protected by the Sixth and Fourteenth Amendments, the failure by the state court in appointing counsel for Gideon went against his fair trial rights. Conclusion The Court held that Gideon had a right to be represented in court. This was arrived at in a unanimous opinion. The Court found that in this case, for fair trial, the guarantee by the Sixth Amendment of a counsel was a right which was fundamental. With the absence of counsel assistance, a poor defendant is not guaranteed justice thus the trial would not be fair. Lawyers in criminal courts are not merely luxuries but necessities. In the past, if one was arrested for breaking the law, it was unless you had money that one could have the right to an attorney. This became a right because Clarence Gideon, who was a prison inm ate lacking the money for council representation, wrote a personal petition to the Court. Without a lawyer, he managed to take his case to the Supreme Court and winning important rights for all. It was in 1961, when Clarence Gideon was apprehended for breaking into a pool hall. He was a prime suspect since he had the profile of a law breaker because he was a 51-year old drifter with a criminal record. With little education, since he had not even finished the eighth-grade, he knew two things when he was arrested: (1). He was innocent (2). He would not have a chance to convince a jury of this fact since he did not have a lawyer. Gideon asked the judge to get him legal council to stand for him in court because he was unable to hire one. The judge refused, then convicted and sentenced him to five years in jail. Gideon utilized his jail time. He first filed a petition before the Supreme Court of Florida but it was denied. Next, he filed a petition in the Court in which he argued that put ting him on trial without legal representation was not fair since he was denied his rights as clearly stated in the14th Amendment of the constitution. Since Gideon filed the petition, he was the petitioner while Louie L. Wainwright being the person against whom the petition was filed, was in this case the respondent (a petition against Wainwright was filed by Gideon since Wainwright was responsible for Florida prisons where he was held illegally). However, 20 years earlier, the Court dismissed the argument that every defendant reserves the right to an attorney. This was the biggest problem for Gideon. Therefore, his appeal hand-written as it was, was requesting the Supreme Court for a change of its mind on the issue. He was fortunate that the Court was ready to consider doing this. At the time of his appeal (1963), almost half of all of those convicted in state courts were not financially capable of hiring a lawyer. A lot of convictions had to be reversed by the Supreme Court Justic es because of serious legal errors made after the defendants had been forced to argue out their case in court without legal representation. Therefore, the Court made a decision to listen to Gideon's petition, and a famous Washington attorney by the name Abe Fortas was appointed to represent him. We later on see that a few years later, Fortas became a member of the Supreme Court. In Gideon v. Wainwright decision1963, the Supreme Court had a unanimous agreement that: any person tried without an attorney can’

Elements of gambling Essay Example for Free

Elements of gambling Essay There are two elements of Gambling, including game of chance and gambling mentality. Chance means people cannot control the outcome of an event but with possibility of winning. Player wagers money on irreversible bet in which the outcome relies on chance. Gambling mentality means the willing to take risk. To gamble on something is to take a risk on something in which the stake is involved. Pathological Approach to problem gambling Problem gambling is defined as pathological gambling under APA DSMVI. Pathological gambling is an impulsive control disorder in which there is a chronic and progressive failure to resist impulses to gamble. The concept of addiction of gambling is similar to alcohol and drug addiction in APA model. Gambling is a kind of process addiction. Gamblers enjoy the excitement, tension and anticipation over than the outcome of a gambling event. Gamblers described having the feeling of â€Å"high† similar to that experienced form cocaine in â€Å"outer-body†. There is a dominance in which people have intense preoccupation with gambling to the exclusion of other interests. There is also a problem of tolerance. It means gamblers will eventually spend more money than they intended on gambling, they will lose track of time and control over money betted. In other words, they will gamble from simple to complex high risk and high return betting. We can also see the gamblers have withdrawal symptoms, like irritable, nervous angry and restless. Action gambler Mahjong Tends to be arrogant Desire to control Self-centered, insecure, disregard for authority Easily frustrated, impatient and demanding Highly competitive but given up on the conventional way of competition Attracted to competitive games and those required skills Likely men who started their gambling activities at an earlier state. Gambling gives them a sense of self-enhancement and self-expression Escape gambler Lack of confidence / no self-esteem due to insufficient knowledge and skills Games with no skills involved, e. g. slot machine because no one will judge them Likely to be women who began gambling much later in life than action gamblers Gambling is an emotional reaction to whatever personal or relationship issues they are trying to escape from. Later pathological explanations on problem gambling All pathological gamblers were involved in social gambling for a period of time before they lost control over gambling A significant stressor or greater exposure to gambling often precipitated the sudden onset of pathological gambling. Modern Pathological explanations on problem gambling Modern pathology theories do not argue for determinism but instead rely on the concept of probability- in the sense of â€Å"the relative frequency of occurrence†, â€Å"relative chances of happening†- explain pathological gambling. E. g. Medical Model Medical Model-BlumeAn explanation for deviant behavior that locates its source within the individual and assumes that the behavior is the result of physiological, constitutional, or organic characteristics of the person interacting with the environment. Different psychological and physiological causes of gambling:1. Genetic abnormality that provide a predisposition for disease 1 / 2 2. Mental illness- resulting from obsession or a compulsion3. Abnormal level of dopamine=/=occurrence of sickness It depends on its interaction with other risk factors e. g gender, family influence, ageSolution: Counseling and financial management Weakness: Classical -gt; Ambiguous judgement.

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe Essay -- Papers Edgar Allan

The Cask of Amontillado by Edgar Allan Poe ?The Cask of Amontillado? by Edgar Allan Poe is a story about two men at a carnival, the narrator Montresor, who is being eaten by jealousy, and Fortunato, a rich drunk man that has a weakness for wine. It is through deception that Montresor achieves his revenge against Fortunato. He did not believe that killing Fortunato is wrong because of the insults and injures Fortunato brought against him. ?The thousand injuries of Fortunato I had borne.? (Poe, 75) says Montresor. Montresor brought Fortunato down into the catacomb. This was his chance for revenge. In the opening lines Montresor explains what Fortunato has done to him: ?he ventured upon insult I vowed revenge?(75. The next line Montresor explains that he did not threaten him back and he did not reply to the threats. It was not in Montresor?s nature to do return the threat, ?You, who so well know the nature of my soul, will not suppose, however, that I gave utterance to a threat?(75). Montresor went out of his way to be nice to Fortunato; meanwhile inside of him the jealousy burned. ?Neither by word nor deed had I given Fortunato cause to doubt my good will?(75), he did things for Fortunato and continued on making everything seem normal so that Fortunato would not expect Montresor to do anything to him. ?I continued, as was my wont, to smile in his face, and he did not perceive that my smile now was at the thought of his immolation?(75,76), Montresor continued to smile as he has been doing all the time, but now he smiled when he saw him because he was thinking of his demise. Montresor tricked Fortunato into believing that he has Amontillado because if Fortunato was drunk it would be easier to kill him. ?My dear F... ...racter is displayed like he cares for Fortunato but he is just doing these things to get him to go to he catacombs with him. Montresor in the end when Fortunato was dead, Montresor walks away saying ?In pace requiescat?(75), may he rest in peace. Montresor does not really care if he is at peace now. He just does not want to get caught. With Fortunado dead and buried, Montresor has won. Thanks to his deception he has the revenge he wanted for so long. There are no more insults or injuries for Montresor to tolerate. Fortunato is dead, never to be seen again. Because Montresor believes what he has done is not wrong he does not have to worry about the guilt or shame afterwards. Works Cited: Poe, Edgar Allan. "A Cask of Amontillado." Literature: Reading, Reacting, Writing. Ed. Laurie G. Kirszner and Stephen R. Mandell. Orlando: Harcourt, 1997. 209-14.

Business management Essay

Introduction Organizational cultures refer to the shared norms, values and expectations that govern the way people interact with one another and approach their work. Organizational cultures can be managed by the senior staff by changing the employee’s view towards their work performance. Diverse companies or organizations use different approaches to manage organizational culture. For organizational culture to be managed in successful manner, careful assessment of the changes to make is important. This will ensure support from the workers and other leaders for they will be able to get the purpose for it (Pareek, 2006). Organizational culture is an important aspect in any administration. It has great impacts in the change programmes of the organization. Strong cultures have been known to obstruct performance and most of the organization managers are struggling hard to manage it. Through assessment of models and application of the current public and private sector operations, organizational culture is easy to administer. In addition, organisational cultures can be handled by establishment of an exterior rather than an internal orientation which is associated with less control focus. Organizational managers should strive to administer the cultures with awareness so that success can be achieved and reduce the shortcomings brought about by lack of culture management issues (Pareek, 2006). How important are organisational subcultures? In order to successfully run an organisation, the management need to create subcultures for they have proved to work best resulting to good performances. Subcultures consist of groups of people within a given culture who differentiate themselves from the well-built culture to which they belong. Organisational subcultures give responsiveness and freedom that a certain culture in the administration may be in a position of limiting. The subcultures allows the organisation be able to generate diverse responses to the surrounding without necessarily intruding its internal consistency. It is clear that subcultures have some properties which are in a position of reinforcing the organisation’s culture. For instance, the subcultures differ from the extent they dispute the overarching traditions (Mullins, 2013). Subcultures often appear in response to varying demands and can provide as an outlet for members to articulate arguments and disputes arising during chaotic times. Subcultures also present methods for changing fewer central principles which are important factors in any organisation. With organisational subcultures, free interaction is enhanced particularly to the workers. This motivates the employees for they are able to present their problems or views to their leaders in a confident manner which makes them feel satisfied (Mullins, 2013). What is management? Management is the organisational process that involves calculated planning, locating managing resources, objectives and installing financial and human possessions which are a necessity in achieving the organisation’s goals and measuring the outcomes. Management includes storing particulars and recording facts for later use and those which are important within the organisation.   Management functions are not only limited to the managers but everyone in the organisation is involved in the administrative functions. For instance, the workers in the organisation are involved in the reporting task as their work. Management reaches out the organisational goals by working through and with people and having control of the resources in the administration (Mullins, 2013). Management also involves a function that coordinates people’s efforts to accomplish the organisation’s set goals by use of the resources available in an efficient and effective manner. Management also involves functions of which when applied, administration becomes successful. Some of the most essential functions required during management include organizing, influencing, planning and controlling. This mostly applies to the supervisors and the managers in an administration. Planning involves making of tasks which are required to be accomplished within the given period of time. Influencing involves motivation of the workers. It also involves directing of the organisation members to the direction that makes them be able to fulfil their goals. Controlling involves gathering if information that compares the present performance established to the previous ones (Mullins, 2013). Is bureaucracy a bad thing? Bureaucracy is defined as a form of leadership in which a group of people is given the responsibility of setting rules and regulations especially in an organisation. It may have negative effects particularly when decisions are made when the workers in the organisation are not given a chance to express their views for instance. This form of leadership consists of many departments of which are arranged in a descending order. The decisions made by the most senior department have to be discussed further in the other divisions and therefore leading to time wastage (Pareek, 2006). Bureaucracy also discourages innovations and creativity in the organisation since the selected decision making body is always permanent. Application of this form of leadership makes the employees lose morale during work particularly when they are not comfortable with the rules that govern them. On the other hand bureaucracy is also associated with a few advantages, for example, tactical decision making is easy because a few number of individuals is involved. Standardisation in the place of work is also efficient for the group in leadership is able to effectively ensure that work is perfectly performed (Beetham, 1997). References Beetham, D. (1997). Bureaucracy. Minneapolis, Mn: University of Minnesota Press. Pareek, U. (2006). Organisational culture and climate. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press. Mullins, L. J. (2013). Management and organisational behaviour.

Interpretation of the U.S. Constitution - 1092 Words

The Constitution of the United States is a complex idea, adopted at a fragile time in American history and is the framework for our government systems. There are different ways to view this document and different ways to interpret it, which can cause debate over the proper and correct way to go about interpretation. Justice Antonin Scalia and former Justice William Brennan, are two intellectuals with different methods and ideas about the correct way to interpret and enforce the Constitution. To understand how the Constitution works for the people of America, one must first understand about the Justices of the Supreme Court who have the power of enforcing the rules and regulations of Americas most prized document. Unlike the other†¦show more content†¦Non- orginalists, such as William Brennan, believe that the Framers of the Constitution did not want control over the intrepretations of law and the rights of government and the American citizens. Non-originalist believe to fully and appropriately serve the American people according to law, a Judge must take his or her fundamentals from the Constitution, but also be flexible to modern day circumstances. Brennan goes on to say â€Å"†¦the constitutional text over the years confirms any single poposition, it is that the demands of human diginity will never cease to evolve.† Brennan thinks that political power and judiciary action should be able to adapt to a different world from â€Å"the values of 1789† to present time enlightenment (Brennan). While challenging the originalists views, Brennan brings forth an example concerning the Eighth Amendment and capital punishment. The Eight Amendment prohibits cruel and unusual punishment, yet the death penalty is still legal in many parts of the United States. If an originalists can claim to follow the Constitution strictly and without new world interpretations, then surely death violates â€Å"a punishment must not be so severe as to b e utterly and irreversibly degrading to the very essence of human dignity† (Brennan). In my opinion, the actions taken to protect the fundamental rights of the American people is not black and white. With such aShow MoreRelatedThe Decision Of The Court Essay1691 Words   |  7 PagesStewart, it is in the best interest of the country, and the Constitution that I urge you to not allow for a set of specific guidelines to be put in place to tell the Justices of the Court, how to interpret the Constitution. With the decision of Marbury v. Madison in 1803 the Court established its power of Judicial review(Judicial Learning Center, Web insert hyperlink), and it is up to the Justices to decide when and how the Constitution will be interpreted. 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